基于磁混凝沉淀工藝的高濃度非穩(wěn)態(tài)含磷廢水處理效能與調(diào)控機(jī)制研究
趙安然1，高熙陽(yáng)2，李寧2，馬洪璐3，陳北洋1*
（1. 華電水務(wù)科技股份有限公司，北京；2. 華電水務(wù)秦皇島有限公司，秦皇島；3. 華電水務(wù)（天津）有限公司，天津）
摘要：針對(duì)某市政污水處理廠進(jìn)水中工業(yè)廢水占比高、總磷濃度波動(dòng)大（1-23 mg/L）的突出問(wèn)題，本研究構(gòu)建深度處理強(qiáng)化除磷系統(tǒng)，采用“平流式二沉池+一體化集成式磁混凝沉淀系統(tǒng)”技術(shù)路線，通過(guò)優(yōu)化磁粉、混凝劑及助凝劑的投加量，實(shí)現(xiàn)了出水總磷穩(wěn)定達(dá)到0.3 mg/L以下，優(yōu)于設(shè)計(jì)出水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（0.5 mg/L）。運(yùn)行結(jié)果表明，該工藝對(duì)高濃度非穩(wěn)態(tài)含磷廢水具有顯著處理效果，總磷去除率提升10%以上，具有抗沖擊負(fù)荷能力強(qiáng)（可承受1.5倍設(shè)計(jì)流量）、占地面積小（較常規(guī)工藝減少40%）、啟動(dòng)快（調(diào)試周期≤7天）等技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析顯示，系統(tǒng)的單位水處理成本大約為0.2元/m³。其中，藥劑費(fèi)用為0.158元/m³，較傳統(tǒng)工藝的藥劑成本降低60%；電耗費(fèi)用約為0.05元/m³。本研究系統(tǒng)闡述了工藝設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)、改造方案及調(diào)試要點(diǎn)，創(chuàng)新性地采用SV泥位自動(dòng)檢測(cè)儀實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)控制，解決了傳統(tǒng)超聲波污泥界面計(jì)運(yùn)行不穩(wěn)定的問(wèn)題。研究成果為污水處理廠提標(biāo)改造提供了技術(shù)參考，對(duì)推動(dòng)污水處理行業(yè)減污降碳協(xié)同增效具有積極意義。
關(guān)鍵詞：磁混凝沉淀、高濃度含磷廢水、非穩(wěn)態(tài)進(jìn)水、除磷效能、模塊化集成、
運(yùn)行調(diào)控、污水處理
Abstract: In response to the prominent issues of high industrial wastewater proportion and significant fluctuations in total phosphorus (TP) concentration (1-23 mg/L) in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, this study constructed an advanced treatment system for enhanced phosphorus removal. The technical approach of "horizontal flow secondary sedimentation tank + integrated magnetic coagulation sedimentation system" was adopted. By optimizing the dosage of magnetic powder, coagulant , and flocculant , the effluent TP was consistently maintained below 0.3 mg/L, surpassing the designed effluent standard (0.5 mg/L). Operational results demonstrate that this process exhibits remarkable treatment efficiency for high-concentration non-steady-state phosphorus-containing wastewater, with a total phosphorus removal rate improvement exceeding 10%. The system demonstrates technical advantages including strong resistance to shock loads (capable of withstanding 1.5 times the design flow rate), compact footprint (40% reduction compared to conventional processes), and rapid start-up (commissioning period ≤ 7 days). Economic analysis indicates that the unit water treatment cost of the system is approximately 0.2 CNY/m³. Specifically, chemical costs amount to 0.158 CNY/m³, representing a 60% reduction compared to traditional processes, while electricity consumption costs are around 0.05 CNY/m³. This study systematically elaborates on process design parameters, retrofit solutions, and commissioning essentials, innovatively employing SV sludge level detectors for precise control, effectively addressing the operational instability issues of traditional ultrasonic sludge interface detectors. The research outcomes provide technical references for wastewater treatment plant upgrade projects and contribute positively to promoting synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry.
Key words: Magnetic coagulation sedimentation, High-concentration phosphorus-containing wastewater, Non-steady-state influent, Phosphorus removal efficiency, Modular integration, Commissioning, Wastewater treatment
0 引言
隨著我國(guó)工業(yè)化和城市化的快速推進(jìn)，全國(guó)污水排放量增速迅猛。根據(jù)我國(guó)住房城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部發(fā)布的《2023年中國(guó)城市建設(shè)狀況公報(bào)》及《2023年城市建設(shè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》，截至2023年底，我國(guó)城市污水排放總量達(dá)到了660.5億立方米，污水處理總量達(dá)到了651.9億立方米，污水處理率高達(dá)98.69%。在2018-2023年期間，污水排放總量和污水處理總量年均增長(zhǎng)率分別為4.6%和5.3%[1]。在污水排放中，過(guò)量的磷元素是引發(fā)水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的關(guān)鍵因素之一，嚴(yán)重威脅著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和水資源的可持續(xù)利用。《城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB 18918-2002）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在全國(guó)廣泛執(zhí)行，其中一級(jí)A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的污水處理廠出水總磷濃度排放限值為0.5mg/L。部分經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)且對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境期望值高的地區(qū)，結(jié)合區(qū)域水環(huán)境特征，制定并執(zhí)行了更為嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)出水總磷的管控日益嚴(yán)格。例如，北京市地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠水污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（DB11/890-2012）中A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定，新（改、擴(kuò)）建城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠出水總磷不得超過(guò)0.2mg/L；天津市地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（DB11/356-2018）則規(guī)定，一級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的出水總磷需低于0.3mg/L。
