神奇的污泥魔法 ——美國503污泥處置法規(guī)背后的故事 (三)
(2013-01-18 15:25:42)
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雜談 |
8、污泥有益健康論
費城的污泥處置計劃經理William Toffey有過一段十分慷慨激昂的說辭：暴露于污泥中對你的健康有好處�？茖W證明所謂“衛(wèi)生假說”即過去所說的“清潔兒童綜合癥”是有道理的，我們的年輕人要是不接觸污物和糞便，身體就不會產生保護我們免受過敏原和毒素攻擊的免疫反應，如果這孩子太干凈了，過敏、哮喘和癌癥的發(fā)生率會更高。我相信的理論是：如果污泥殺不死你，只會讓你更強壯。……
說這話，首先是承認了污泥是臟東西，會帶來污染，但503的神奇之處在于，這污染還對你的健康有利。一句話：環(huán)境污染無害。如此奇談怪論，我本來以為只有中國能聽到的。就像有人說常吃毒膠囊、三鹿粉、瘦肉精、地溝油、一滴香、鎘大米、石蠟鍋、藥火腿、雙氧翅、陳化糧、增稠蜜、紅心蛋、糖精棗、鋁饅頭、硫銀耳、蘇丹紅、甲醇酒、紙腐竹、硫磺椒、毒米線、避孕鱔……能百毒不侵一樣！
有句老話說：黃鼠狼專咬病鴨子。能夠處置污泥的地方一定不會在發(fā)達的高等社區(qū)，就像地溝油也不會進入特供商店一樣。令人感到悲哀的是，弱勢群體總是犧牲者。
9、中國是否要學習美國
一個不得不問的問題是，中國如果也制定一部類似的503，情況會怎樣？
可以先不管我國工業(yè)發(fā)展水平方面的差距，可以忽略我國高能耗、高污染工業(yè)的比例高所帶來的污泥中污染物濃度高的問題，也可以忽略我國因人口多，市政污泥發(fā)生總量比美國多的問題。僅從人口與土地面積方面考慮，這樣做的風險如何呢？
|
|
單位 |
中國 |
美國 |
|
2011年可耕地面積 |
萬平方公里 |
121.7 |
237.6 |
|
2011鄉(xiāng)村人口 |
億 |
6.6 |
0.5 |
|
人均耕地面積 |
畝/人 |
1.3 |
11.4 |
|
鄉(xiāng)村人口平均耕地面積 |
畝/人 |
2.8 |
69.7 |
|
美國人均耕地占有是中國人的倍數(shù) |
|
|
8.6 |
|
美國鄉(xiāng)村人口占有耕地是中國農村人口的倍數(shù) |
|
|
25.1 |
如果如美國所發(fā)生的情況一樣，因施用污泥而造成土地污染繼而引起周邊居民的疫病流行，中國的風險將是美國的數(shù)十倍乃至數(shù)百倍，因為一些農村的人均耕地連全國鄉(xiāng)村人口平均耕地面積的十分之一都不到。
三、結語
水往低處流。由于土地施用的閘口比焚燒、填埋低得多，因此美國503法規(guī)事實上是污泥土地施用的代名詞。
503的操盤手主要是兩個人：EPA OW水辦的Dr. Alan Rubin，USDA農業(yè)部的Dr. Rufus Chaney。EPA和USDA的“精誠合作”，才有了503的出臺。
一個傾倒到水體里對水體有害，焚燒產生煙氣會對空氣有害的物質，如何到了土壤里就全都如泥牛入海，徹底消失了呢？這是一個常識問題，不是運用數(shù)學工具就可以歸零掉的。對此，Rubin博士的說法是：這就是“污泥魔法”(“Sludge Magic”)。
國內同仁有的已經注意到503存在反對意見（余杰等《污泥農用在我國污泥處置中的應用前景分析》），但專家輿論總體上還是贊成污泥農用、園林綠化的。
早有讀者注意到，迄今為止筆者一直避免談論堆肥，這是因為我覺得堆肥只是土地施用的一種前處理技術，談論堆肥不可能不談土壤安全問題，而這是一個非常復雜而嚴肅的題目。我一向贊同業(yè)內同行提出的有機物還田、長期使用化肥可能導致土壤板結、推薦自然生態(tài)循環(huán)等命題。但讀了這么多有關美國503法規(guī)的文獻后，更覺得審慎是必要的，畢竟中國不像美國，因人口密度問題，我們所面臨的風險要大得多。
在遲遲拿不出一部“中國版”503這個問題上，農業(yè)部以它的“不作為”無疑倒是做了一件好事。農業(yè)部未必不想“開閘放水”，但污灌所造成大量農田損害已是不爭的事實，農業(yè)部1992、2005兩次提高污灌標準，想來是事出有因的。
歐盟個別國家已對污泥土地施用采取了禁止的政策，如比利時、盧森堡、挪威和瑞士。對此，我覺得中國也未必需要照搬，畢竟中國有著廣大的未受工業(yè)污染的小城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。
污泥的土地利用控制指標到底應該怎樣？其實可以做這樣一個簡單比喻：如果按照國標的食用成品油9項指標來評測，地溝油絕對是合格產品。地溝油至今畢竟也沒有“可被科學證實對人體產生危害的案例被記錄”。但為什么消費者對地溝油深惡痛絕，在感情上難以接受呢？這應該是常識，而非標準的問題。
503之“過”在于，它采用為污泥改名和頒布一套貌似科學實則明修棧道、暗渡陳倉的“標準限值”，想讓公眾相信它是徹底無害和安全的，而沒有采取實事求是、負責的態(tài)度告知公眾特別是消費者其風險，從而給環(huán)境和少數(shù)居民帶來不可逆轉的傷害。
套用證監(jiān)會和證劵公司撇清責任的一句名言，“股市有風險，投資需謹慎”。誰都知道有風險，但入市的股民還是那么多，原因在于大家都有自己的判斷，投資者自己一定是看好這個賺錢機會的。污泥處置也一樣，但這話可能應改成“土地施用有風險，政策制定需謹慎”比較合適。政策如果錯了，退可就退不回來了。成百萬公頃被污染的土地如何治理，誰來治理，這可是連美國人都不敢想象的事情。美國EPA之所以使用種種不堪手段來捍衛(wèi)503，想來就是為此。成立專門的救火隊，扣押不利的研究結果和論文，與利益集團合力打壓反對者和不同的聲音，偽造數(shù)據，大搞御用偽科學研究，這些似乎已經大大超越了其政府職能。
關于503的研究當然還應該深入下去，相信真相自明，大家都會有自己獨立的判斷。
泥客莊主
2012年8月20日至9月14日
【后記】
本文寫作花了不少時間，看了好幾本書，幾百篇論文，查閱的資料無數(shù)。寫完了，心情也久久平靜不下來。最大的感慨是，真正的有良心的環(huán)保研究者原來也都是弱勢群體！
在博客版中，我將列出一個詳細的參考書目，建議讀者自行研究一下。如果你認可本文的分析和觀點，應該對那些遭受污染傷害而失去健康甚至生命的人們表示同情，為那些堅持真理進行嚴肅研究而拒絕充當御用工具的研究者們表示敬意（當然，自己今后也別搞什么“自主”的假發(fā)明、假課題、假論文了）。在我心目中這兩位是美國環(huán)保界的真正英雄：David L. Lewis, Hugh Kaufman.
【主要參考文獻】
法規(guī)及相關審查類
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訴訟相關類
The Gatekeepers - A Summary of Court Records in Civil Actions Filed (2007-2011) （Hallman & Wingate, LLC律師事務所編輯作為呈堂證供的David L. Lewis, Ph.D. , R.A. McElmurray, III and G. William Boyce民事訴訟案事實記錄）
Deadly Deceit - Our Children at Risk from Sewage Sludge – Biosolids （由James W. Bynum等編輯的有關美國污泥土地施用造成健康傷害的網絡版資料）
Congressional Testimony of Attorney F. Edwin Hallman, JR. （2004年12月14日國會聽證的證詞）
List of Organizations against Biosolids（2008年4月10日國會聽證68個附簽反對組織名單）
McElmurray Testimony in Senate （2008年09月11日在參議院環(huán)境與公共工程委員會聽證會上的證詞）
Environmental Resources & Engery Committee Hearing on Sewage Sludge Testimony of Robert A. (Andy) McElmurray, III.（2009年12月16日在眾議院環(huán)境能源委員會聽證會上的證詞）
North District Georgia Atlanta Division Court Order on McElmurray v Augusta County（2006年11月30日）
Middle District Georgia District Court Athens Division Order on Lewis v. Guskin（2007年09月14日）
Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit Order on McElmurray v Augusta Richmond County（2007年10月01日）
Southern District Georgia Court Augusta Division Order on McElmurray v USDA（2008年02月25日）
Middle District of Georgia Athens Division Compel Motion on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年8月21日）
Relators' Response in Opposition to UGA Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年10月30日）
Defendants' Reply in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年11月13日）
Professor_Albert_Page_Declaration（Tulare高級法院2011年9月洛杉磯市起訴克恩縣案證人證詞）
Professor_Charles_Gerba_Declaration（同上）
Professor_Ian_Pepper_Declaration（同上）
科技期刊文獻
以下為國際科技期刊上發(fā)表的有關污泥土地施用可能產生環(huán)境健康影響的研究文獻。因文件名太長和數(shù)量太多，不列作者和期刊卷期，應不影響查找。
A critical review of the U.S. EPA’s risk assessment for the land application of sewage sludge
A High-Level Disinfection Standard for Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
A Mass Balance of Tri-Hexabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Lactating Cows
Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge
Adsorption of bisphenol-A, 17b-estradiole and 17a-ethinylestradiole to sewage sludge
Aldrin and Dieldrin_ A Review of Research on Their Production, Environmental Deposition and Fate, Bioaccumulation, Toxicology, and Epidemiology in US
An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000
Bioaccumulation of Pharmaceuticals and Other Anthropogenic Waste Indicators in Earthworms from Agricultural Soil Amended With Biosolid or Swine Manure
Cellular and Hormonal Disruption of Fetal Testis Development in Sheep Reared on Pasture Treated with Sewage Sludge
Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludge
Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids
Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Treated Soil Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction
Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Biosolids using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography_Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Determination of the persistence of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores
Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products
Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils
Emission Rates and Characterization of Aerosols Produced During the Spreading of Dewatered Class B Biosolids
Environmental Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents from Sewage to Soil
Environmental Exposure Of Aquatic And Terrestrial Biota To Triclosan And Triclocarban
Evidence for Bioavailability of Au Nanoparticles from Soil and Biodistribution within Earthworms (Eisenia fetida)
Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain
Evidence of Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in Biota from a Wastewater Receiving Stream
Exposure to a Complex Cocktail of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Disturbs the Kisspeptin_GPR54 System in Ovine Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Flame-Retardants and Other Organohalogens Detected in Sewage Sludge by Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry
Have Risks Associated with the Presence of Synthetic Organic Contaminants in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges Been Adequately Addressed
Health Survey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids
Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom
Impact of sewage sludge conditioning and dewatering on the fate of nonylphenol in sludge-amended soils
Impacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture
Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals In Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
Investigation of Alleged Health Incidents Associated With Land Application Of Sewage Sludges
Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids
Measurement Strategies for the Determination of Airborne Bacterial Endotoxin in Sewage Treatment Plants
Nanomaterials - Transformation of Silver Nanoparticles in Sewage Sludge
Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics
Nanowastes and the environment_ Potential new waste management paradigm
Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupters in Greek sewage treatment plants
Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids
Occurrence and loss over three years of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products from biosolidsesoil mixtures in outdoor mesocosms
Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment
Organic Chemicals in Sewage Sludges
Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge (Biosolids)
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Swedish Sewage Treatment Plants
Partitioning, Persistence, and Accumulation in Digested Sludge of the Topical Antiseptic Triclocarban during Wastewater Treatment
Persistence of Pathogenic Prion Protein during Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes
Persistent pollutants in land applied sludges
Pharmaceutical compounds in the wastewater process stream in Northwest Ohio
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000_ a national reconnaissance
Plasticizers and their degradation products in the process streams of a large urban physicochemical sewage treatment plant
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in Australian Sewage Sludge
Potential for Increased Human Foodborne Exposure to PCDD_F When Recycling Sewage Sludge on Agricultural Land
Primary Prevention Of Chemical Contamination
Public officials' perspectives on tracking and investigating symptoms reported near sewage sludge land application sites
Raking through sludge exposes stink_ Environmental Protection Agency scientists accused of fabricating data about health effects of fertilizer
Regulating the Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs_ A New Prescription for the Environment
Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant_ Influence of Agglomeration and Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency
Screening the Environmental Fate of Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges Applied to Agricultural Soils
Sewage Sludge - Looking Upstream_ The Precautionary Principle
Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge_ Damage Without End
Steroid Hormone Runoff from Agricultural Test Plots Applied with Municipal Biosolids
Stuck in the mud - The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge
Survey of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Biosolids Destined for Land Application
Tainted by Cleanser - Antimicrobial agent persists in sludge
The Dirty Work of Promoting “Recycling” of America’s Sewage Sludge
Toward a Consensus View on the Infectious Risks Associated with Land Application of Sewage Sludge
Toward Identifying the Next Generation of Superfund and Hazardous Waste Site Contaminants
Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils - has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks
Unexpected Role of Activated Carbon in Promoting Transformation of Secondary Amines to N-Nitrosamines
Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants – A case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater
Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Soybean Plants from Soils Applied with Biosolids and Irrigated with Contaminated Water
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge
其它文獻
這里列出的文章為非正式紙質科技出版物的科技評論或相關信息。
503 Biosolids Pathogens [BioVir Lab]
Biosolids Law 2011 – Challenges to Beneficial Use [November 10, 2011 Beveridge & Diamond at NEBRA Annual Meeting]
Biosolids Require Balanced Perspective [Herschel A. Elliott]
Case for Caution Revisited - Health and Environmental Impacts of Application of Sewage Sludges to Agricultural Land [Cornell]
Comments on 1996 Review of National Academy of Science [Cornell].doc
Considerations for Dairy Farms Regarding Use of Sewage Sludges, Sludge Products and Septage [Cornell]
Cornell Comments to US EPA regarding Dioxin Standards for Land Applied Sewage Sludges
Dumping Sewage Sludge On Organic Farms [EWG Policy Analysis]
Future of Biosolids [Dr Ian Pepper, AZ Water, May 2011]
Guidelines for Application of Sewage Biosolids to Agricultural Lands in the Northeastern U.S. [Cornell]]
Health Effects of Biosolids Applied to Land - Available Scientific Evidence [Epidemiologists' individual]
Land application of sewage sludges - an appraisal of the US regulations [Cornell]
Organic Contaminants from Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Soils [Sweden]
Sewage Sludge Biosolids - A Health and Environmental Crisis and Scandal [Perelandra Health Watch]
